The Advantages Of Homeschooling Vs. Public Schools

Most parents choose the traditional form of school for their children, which is a public school. There is a small minority of parents that choose to homeschool their children. There is a debate whether homeschooled children are receiving the same education as those that attend public or private schools, taught by teachers. Homeschooling and public schools can both have benefits and disadvantages. Public schools are generally where most children receive their education today. Parents know that they are putting their kids into the care of highly trained professionals that are educating their children. The children are in a structured environment, and they have plenty of social interactions with other kids. The school environment is not†¦show more content†¦These curriculums provide everything a parent needs from student materials to teaching aids. For a beginning homeschool parent, this would be the best option because it will cover all the educational requirements for their c hild’s grade. Homeschooling a child takes a lot of dedication, time and money. Parents with the best of intentions may find the time and financial aspects of homeschooling impossible. A significant amount of people argues that homeschooled children may be isolated socially and fall behind in socialization skills if particular attention is not paid to this important part of development. As studies have been done on homeschooled children, this does not seem to be the case. In fact, research on the social, emotional and psychological development of homeschooled children shows that they are doing well in the areas and measure above average (Ray, 2016). There are homeschool co-ops and groups available in communities where parents plan special activities with groups of children. Some places like the YMCA have special programs for homeschooled children. There are scheduled activities during the week, just like physical education that is taught in schools. Children can also socialize through church activities, sports and other community events for children. Homeschooling can be specifically tailored to your child. Whereas in a public school setting, a set curriculum is taught to a group of children. In a homeschoolShow MoreRelatedHomeschooling Vs. Public Schooling893 Words   |  4 PagesHomeschooling vs Public Schooling It was Theodore Roosevelt who said, â€Å"To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society† (www.brainyquote.com). Parents have options when making decisions regarding their children’s education. While those who oppose homeschooling hold the belief that homeschooled children are socially backward and deprived. An argument for public schools is that parents benefit from the fruits of public schools everyday (McGrath, 2000). Although a publicRead MoreHomeschooling vs. Public School Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschooling vs. Public School Homeschooling vs. public school has been a public debate for quite a while now. Some parents choose homeschooling because of the protection their child gains and some choose public education because of the atmosphere. Most would claim that public schools aren’t teaching, less trying to create a religious fringe. However; both provide your child education but there are many advantages and disadvantages for both. When a child is homeschooledRead MoreHomeschooling vs. Public Schools1420 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschooling vs. Public Schools Emile Peponoulas - Why might parents choose to home school their children? Parents of 136 homeschooled elementary children completed questionnaires assessing constructs derived from the parental involvement literature and personal beliefs identified in the homeschooling literature as important to parents’ decisions to home school. Results suggest that home-schooling parents appear to be motivated by an active role construction, strong sense of efficacy forRead MoreHome School Vs. Public School1125 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Home School vs. Public School School traditions in the United States are changing rapidly and nowadays many parents consider home education to be a more suitable option for their children. Though homeschooling was not popular in previous decades, it is now winning supporters back. Society gives attention to the problem of necessity of home school education. Many parents question what is best for their child’s education. Though supporters of each side usually insist on obvious advantages of theirRead MorePersuasive Essay On Homeschooling1609 Words   |  7 Pages Homeschooling is not a new concept to the United States, and for many centuries it was the only way for children to get an education. Many of our founding fathers were homeschooled, proving there is nothing wrong with homeschooling, and to this day it continues to provide children with an adequate education. Many parents believe that public school is satisfactory. However, they feel that homeschooling is a better option because it provides a safer environment for their children and more conduciveRead MoreEssay on The Disadvantages of Homeschooling vs Traditional Education1404 Words   |  6 Pagesdisadvantages of homeschooling? Homeschooling is an option of developing education at home rather than at schools where teachers give the lecture and take tests in order to be informed of the progress of the students. As Lisa Rivero, a professor of English literature at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, states, in her book The Homeschooling Option, homeschooling in the United States â€Å"as a modern movement began in the 1960s† (Rivero27). This is, after the concept of homeschooling spreads aroundRead MoreDifferences between Homeschooling and Public Education780 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a 1,050-to 1,250- word final draft of your compare-and-contrast essay. (Home school vs. public education). Introduction The differences between homeschooling and public education are huge but can be summarized along three lines: firstly, homeschooling is just that, where the parent or an employed governess teaches the child in a home, as compared to a, school setting. Secondly, the home setting employs its own voluntary rules and schedule of education teaching whatever the home educator desiresRead MoreOnline Classes Vs Traditional Classes1316 Words   |  6 PagesAlexis Lopiccolo Mrs. Scruggs English III Honors 9 December 2015 Online vs. Traditional: Are online classes better than traditional classes? Although online classes can seem easier due to not having to deal with the physical peer pressure in a traditional schooling environment, they are not always easier. It is effective to learn in a traditional classroom, but a great aspect of online learning is not having to be face-to-face with the professor. There are many students who just simply wantRead MoreOnline Classes Vs Traditional Classes1316 Words   |  6 PagesAlexis Lopiccolo Mrs. Scruggs English III Honors 9 December 2015 Online vs. Traditional: Are online classes better than traditional classes? Although online classes can seem easier due to not having to deal with the physical peer pressure in a traditional schooling environment, they are not always easier. It is effective to learn in a traditional classroom, but a great aspect of online learning is not having to be face-to-face with the professor. There are many students who just simply wantRead MoreHome School Legal Defense Association 3116 Words   |  13 Pagesaway from the public school are able attain the expected higher academic standards comparable to public school students (PSS). Additionally, socialization, which has plagued homeschoolers will be considered to be a part of this research., Subsequently, the search for answers about the homeschooling success had becomebecame more difficult, due to the abundance of misrepresented information and public opinions. Historically, Finally, those who have a basic knowledge of the homeschooling community, developed

English Level 2 Achievement Standard Essay - 3291 Words

English Level 2 Achievement Standard 91104 (2.7) V1 Form developed personal responses to independently read texts, supported by evidence. Tom Paterson 12 ENG* WBM For this significant connections task, I have chosen two extended texts, one short story, and one film to study. For my novels, which are my extended texts I have chosen the novel It by Stephen King, and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. For my short story text I have chose The Tell-Tale heart by Edgar Allen Poe. My film is The Woman In Black directed by James Watkins. As I have studied these texts I have noticed connections throughout and how they intertwine with one-another. My first connection is that secrecy leads to karma. This connection is between Frankenstein and The Tell-Tale heart. This connection isn t one of the predominant themes throughout these novels but is one that lurks in the background but is always there. Another connection I have made is the destructive power of revenge. This is between Frankenstein and The Woman In Black. I believe this is one of the main connections throughout these texts because it alludes to the gothic genre, and the gothic genre is all about revenge and conflict between two people or a group of people which my texts suggest. My other connection is between The Woman In Black and the novel It. This theme is shown greatly in both the film and the novel, which is the power of memory and how it can be destructive. I believe these connections across texts are perfect forShow MoreRelatedA Curriculum For All K 12 Grades1129 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular grade level. This administrative code allows districts to require more to the curriculum while restricting the removal of any of the foundation and enrichment curriculum requirements. Section 74.2 lays out the requirements of elementary curriculum by requiring districts with kindergarten through fifth grade to provide the TEKS in section 74.1, to support teachers by providing enough time for them to teach the TEKS and for the student to receive or learn the TEKS provided in English, readingRead MoreResponse To Intervention Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effectiveness of Response to Intervention on Student Achievement in Mathematics and English in a Rural Kentucky High School Student achievement is one of the driving factors in education and, quite possibly, the most important. Educators strive to help students improve achievement through quality instructional practices and safe and effective learning environments, but this does not always correlate to adequate performance on standardized testing used to evaluate college or career readinessRead MoreAssessment of English Language Learners1489 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment of English Language Learners Alisha C. Green Grand Canyon University: ESL 533N Advanced Methodologies of Structured English Instruction December 12, 2012 Abstract Assessments are a critical tool in monitoring the progress of English language learners at all grade levels. The main purpose of assessments is to ensure students are receiving quality teaching instruction in accordance to academic and content standards. Even though these tests are not the only resource used for testing studentsRead MoreFactors Affecting Acquisition Of English As A Second Language1026 Words   |  5 PagesNamita Sharma Research Paper Dr.Yaying Zhang Language Acquisition: Analysis of Factor Affecting Acquisition of English as a Second Language Language is the primary way to communicate, learn and express identity. Some language learners are successful by virtue of their sheer determination, hard work and diligence. However, there are other crucial factors influencing success that are largely beyond the control of learners. Second language is any language other than the learner s nativeRead MoreThe Purpose Of An Education Accountability System1419 Words   |  6 Pagesof their students gain the skills and knowledge that they need for success in life and as citizens. At the elementary school level, while there continue to be disagreements over methods, there is no argument about the need for all students to be proficient in reading, writing and mathematics. Though we have a long way to go, we have seen progress: as a result of standards and testing regimes, elementary schools are focused more on bringing all students to proficiency, and California kids’ * An earlierRead MoreVocabulary Strategies For Increase Language Acquisition Among Esl Students1140 Words   |  5 Pagesassistance such as an English as a Second Language Program (ESL; U.S. Department of Education, 2014). ELL identification varies by state and generally includes students whose home language is not English and who demonstrate limited English language skills and a need for special support in English language development (Solari et al., 2012). A large issue facing ELL students is the students’ low reading abilities. This is especially important when they are held in the same standard as native speakersRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards896 Words   |  4 PagesCore State Standards (CCSS) are a set of academic standards created to establish clear and defined objectives for elementary and secondary students across the United States. These guidelines consist of what every student from kindergarten to the 12th grade should know and be able to master in math and language arts. The focus of the CCSS is to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills of students to prepare them for success (Common Core State Standards Initiative,Read MorePROBLEM What is the one subject area that suffers the most during testing? Writing is our country’s1300 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be expected to write. Not only should they be expected to write when they enter school, but they should also continue to write and grow as writers into the upper grades. Being a former third grade teacher, I was surprised when I moved grade levels to kindergarten. Most of my transitional kindergarten students were learning to write. What shook me even more was the lack of expectation from the other kindergarten, veteran teachers. They do not believe young writers should be corrected as it mayRead MoreBilingual Education Should Be Banned1739 Words   |  7 Pagesin class. Language barriers could be a factor to student’s academic achievement. If students are not able to understand the instructions given in class, then how are they expected to learn the concept, pass the exams or go beyond the expectations? Contrariwise, if students are not able to understand, they will have trouble understanding the lessons and they will not be able to test successfully. In this case the academic achievement cannot determine how smart a person is. On the other hand, the educatorsRead MoreTeaching And School Leadership Standards847 Words   |  4 PagesInstitute for Teaching and School Leadership Standards. To achieve my full potential as a teacher. Educational Qualifications 2012 – 2016 2001 – 2011 2001 - 1997 The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle Bachelor of Education: Primary Major in Religious Education (Catholic Accreditation) Specialisation in Science (Biology) South Coast Baptist College (previously Maranatha Christian College) Graduated Year 12 TEE subjects: Human Biology, English, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and Religious

Enkidu The Noble Savage Analysis - 929 Words

In the article â€Å"Enkidu – the Noble Savage?†, the authors Aage Westenholz and Ulla Koch-Westenholz examine the characteristics of Enkidu. They mention that not many people actually delve into Enkidu because they only recognize Enkidu as Gilgamesh’s friend. However, the authors realize that there is more to Enkidu than just Gilgamesh’s friend, and they mention that he is also seen by some as a â€Å"noble savage† and even an undeveloped subhuman. For the next few pages, they analyze the text and what happens with Enkidu. They explain that Enkidu was originally created to stand up to the strong king Gilgamesh, and Enkidu was raised in the steppe, not knowing what human civilization is. When he met Shamhat and laid with her for six days, he was†¦show more content†¦When the authors explained further why he could be considered a â€Å"noble savage† with the first moment he had with a human and the animals he had lived with shunned hi m. He considered the wilderness to be his Garden of Eden, and while he was on his deathbed he cursed and blessed Shamash the harlot when she led him away from his Garden. This supports the authors’ conclusion that Enkidu is not a â€Å"noble savage† or a subhuman beast, but he is a tragic figure who was tricked from leaving his Paradise and entering the human world as a misfit. My Reaction: While I was reading the Epic of Gilgamesh, I was very interested in Enkidu and his journey, so when I found this article I was excited to read it. I did, however, have to look up what a noble savage was. After a little bit of research, I found out that a noble savage is someone who is uncivilized and is a symbol of the goodness of one who has not yet been exposed to civilization and its corrupting influence it has on people. After being able to truly understand what a noble savage is, I could understand the authors’ reasoning as to why Enkidu could be considered a noble savage. While reading how they analyzed the text regarding Enkidu, it helped me understand more about his character. They were able to convey his transition from being in the wilderness to being in civilization, going from only knowing animals, to knowing a harlot and having a friend in Gilgamesh. Through their analysis, I was

Blind Obedience in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - 1059 Words

The author of â€Å"The Lottery† wrote this story â€Å"to shock the story’s readers with a graphic demonstration of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives† (Jackson 211). This story reflects human behavior in society to show how although rules, laws or traditions do not make sense, people follow them. Throughout the story the three main symbols of how people blindly follow senseless traditions were the lottery itself, the color black, and the hesitation that people had towards the prize. The lottery in the story was the game in which the prize was death. In reality this lottery symbolized the game of life, and how our behavior as human beings influences our choices in life and therefore our destiny. In this case the†¦show more content†¦The author uses this symbol to help readers relate the story to their everyday life more easily. In society people may think something is wrong but if they see a bunch of people doing it theyâ⠂¬â„¢ll go ahead and do it themselves. At the end of the story, when the winner was picked, the narrator says â€Å"A stone hit her on the side of the head† (Jackson 217). This quote refers that nobody saw who was the first one to hit her but as soon as the stone hit her head  ¨then they were upon her† (218). People at first were unsure whether to start throwing the stones or not, but as soon as one threw the first one, they all followed without hesitation. This story had a graphical representation that seemed to be abnormal or incoherent in the way it was presented, because in our society it is not normal and it is against the law to have a game in which the prize is death, but although it is not normal and against the law it happens in our everyday life. Although we do not have this kind of tradition anymore (within the United States,) we do have other rules, or laws, which instead of help people, it kills them little by little and some people decide to take justic e in their hands. For example in some foreign countries the laws allow government to punish criminals by publically humiliatingShow MoreRelatedBlind Obedience in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay2503 Words   |  11 PagesWhen Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† was first published in The New Yorker in 1948, it struck a nerve with readers. â€Å"The story was incendiary; readers acted as if a bomb had blown up in their faces . . . Shirley struck a nerve in mid-twentieth-century America . . . She had told people a painful truth about themselves† (Oppenheimer 129). Interestingly, the story strikes that same nerve with readers today. When my English class recently viewed the video, those students who had not previouslyRead More Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Blind Obedience Exposed954 Words   |  4 PagesBlind Obedience Exposed in The Lottery    The annual ritualistic stoning of a villager in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery parallels tradition in American culture.   This paper will inform the reader of the effect tradition has on characters in the short story The Lottery and how traditions still strongly influence peoples lives in america.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christian weddings hold many traditions and superstitions that seemingly defy logic.   Although most couples no longer have arrangedRead MoreThe Blind Obedience in â€Å"the Lottery†2459 Words   |  10 PagesThe Blind Obedience in â€Å"The Lottery† â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson written and published in 1948, takes place on June 27th in a small town of three hundred people. Villagers gather together at around ten o’clock for one of the main rituals called ‘the lottery‘, which takes place in the central square. â€Å"The lottery was conducted as were the square dances† (Jackson 31) illustrating the timely scheduled event. It is a normal day with â€Å"the fresh warmth of a full summer day† (Jackson 1). The menRead More Inhumanity in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find and Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1133 Words   |  5 Pages In Flannery O’Connor’s, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† and Shirley Jacksons, â€Å"The Lottery,† both short stories deal with man’s inhumanity in different situations, and ending with a similar consequence. Jackson and OConnor both use two characters to depict man having the power to manipulate truth and objection into something people accept. In O’Connor’s’ A Good Man is Hard to Find, the Misfit is a character in need of desired assistance, troubled and confused he wanders savagely murdering strangersRead More Essays on Jacksons Lottery: Dangers of Blind Obedience Exposed684 Words   |  3 PagesDangers of Blind Obedience Exposed in The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of us obey every day without a thought. People follow company dress code, state and federal laws and the assumed rules of courtesy. Those who do disobey are usually frowned upon or possibly even reprimanded. But has it even occurred to you that in some cases, disobedience may be the better course to choose? In her speech Group Minds, Doris Lessing discusses these dangers of obedience, which are demonstrated in Shirley Jacksons shortRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1692 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson was a very popular American author in her time. Over the years Jackson s bizarre short stories have been receiving a substantial increase of criticism and attention. Jackson is most known for her short story â€Å"The Lottery†, which was first published in â€Å"The New Yorker† in June of 1948. Jackson s story had received tons of feedback, little which honored her writing, but majority that had belittled her. Jackson’s life was ve ry interesting for her time. Jackson was known as a depressedRead MoreExamples Of Humanistic Obedience In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1105 Words   |  5 Pagesunlikely that it will be terminated by an act of obedience.† (362). Jackson’s short story gave examples of how humanistic conscience and obedience can affect people’s actions. Obedience in this short story is demonstrated on three different levels as well having an overall obedience to the tradition or belief they have as a community. The townspeople in â€Å"The Lottery† act the way they do because the lack of humanistic conscience. â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is an uncanny short story about a traditionRead MoreEssay on The Lottery1873 Words   |  8 Pages When â€Å"The Lottery† was first published in 1948, it created an enormous controversy and great interest in its author, Shirley Jackson. Shirley Jackson was born in San Francisco, California on December 14, 1919. When she was two years old, her family moved her to Burlingame, California, where Jackson attended high school. After high school Jackson moved away to attend college at Rochester University in upstate New York but after only a short time at Rochester and, after taking off a year from schoolRead MoreEssay on Human Nature at its Worst2540 Words   |  11 PagesWhen Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† was first published in The New Yorker in 1948, it struck a nerve with readers. â€Å"The story was incendiary; readers acted as if a bomb had blown up in their faces . . . Shirley struck a nerve in mid-twentieth-century America . . . She had told people a painful truth about themselves† (Oppenheimer 129). Interestingly, the story strikes that same nerve with readers today. When my English class recently viewed the video, those students who had not previously read theRead MoreCharacters Of Ra y Bradburys The Lottery AndAll Summer In A Day?1094 Words   |  5 Pagesinto challenging positions. This was especially evident in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery† and Ray Bradbury’s short story â€Å"All Summer in a Day†. In both of these stories the characters raise hell for the protagonists, compelling the reader to ask themselves what the motivation behind these cruel actions was and why the characters allowed themselves to act in such an unjust manner. Protagonist Tessie Hutchinson of â€Å"The Lottery† is stoned to death by her own townspeople who looked upon

The Funniest Incident Free Essays

One Sunday moming, I received an invitation from a friend of mine, Sudhir. I had come back from the UK to my native place. So, he invited me to lunch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Funniest Incident or any similar topic only for you Order Now I got up early in the morning and started getting ready. My sister gave me a cup of tea early in the morning. Then, 1 took my bath and got ready. My sister then again asked me to take some snacks and tea but I refused to take it as I was more interested in reaching my friend’s house. She insisted upon me to take a heavy breakfast but I ignored her request. I went out of my house and stood at the bus-stop. I boarded the bus. The conductor came and asked me to buy a ticket. I asked him to give me a ticket for Babar Lane. The conductor frowned upon me saying, â€Å"It is going in the reverse direction, you get down at the next stop and catch another bus. † I was baffled for some time. Then, I alighted from the bus and again waited for the bus going to the Babar Lane. I got the bus and reached 15, Babar Lane. But surprisingly, when I reached his house, I found the door locked. I was puzzled and thought whether I had come to the right place. After some time, a neighbour of my friend came and asked me, â€Å"Why are you standing here? Do you want to meet someone? † I replied, â€Å"Yes, I want to see Mr Sudhir living in Quarter No 15. † He immediately quibbled, â€Å"But he changed his house last Wednesday and has gone to R K Puram. † Frustrated, I came back to the bus stop. I was feeling hungry. After some time, it started drizzling. I was now in a fix as to what to do. My confusion was compounded by the torrential rains! p’ had refused to take morning breakfast in the hope that I would take it at my friend’s house. At this state, my anger was mounting. I was cursing myself as well as my fate. But I controlled my anger. I made up my mind to meet Sudhir. An idea hit my mind. I gave a ring at the Enquiry Office, R K Puram. The person on duty gave me his address. I made my journey to R K Puram and reached the quarter as I was told by the Enquiry Office. I rang the door bell. Tupan, a tiny tot (Sudhir’s youngest brother) came out and greeted me with a â€Å"Hello uncle ! † The moment I entered the drawing room, I saw the parents of Sudhir sitting on the sofa. They offered me a seat and I sat comfortably. As I was about to talk about invitation extended to me by Sudhir, Dolly (Sudhir’s sister) came with tea. She was looking like a pretty and vivacious damsel. (Let it be known that I used to love this girl from my college days and had written many love letters to her, making a proposal for marriage). Now, the elderly mother of Sudhir began to talk very politely, â€Å"Look son, the invitation to tea was a joke. As you know, today is First of April — Fool’s Day. But you are fortunate that your proposal of marriage has been accepted by all the members of our family. † I was thrilled to hear these words coming from the august lips of Dolly’s mother. My joy knew no bounds. The facial expressions of Dolly were quite attractive. Her looks pleased me as she was making silent expressions of love. We had the tea to our heart’s content. I rushed from their house in order to convey this happy news to my parents. This day, indeed, was the funniest ever and happiest day of my life. IT WAS TRULY, THE FUNNIEST EVER INCDENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How to cite The Funniest Incident, Papers

The Status of Women in Ancient Times Free Essays

The Status Of Women In Ancient Times Throughout the years, women have had to fight for the right to gain independence and freedom. They have been through good times and bad, but through all of it women have won respect and responsibility for themselves. In the times of Ancient Egypt, women had many more rights than other places. We will write a custom essay sample on The Status of Women in Ancient Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inheritance and property were important to them. The status of women in Mesopotamia was as simple as a contract, and men were their priority. The Napoleonic Code and the Sharia Law were degrading and difficult. It is important that we reflect on what women have been through to learn for the future. In Ancient Egypt, women were mainly important for reproduction. Children were very important, and infertile women were divorced immediately. Marriage was a very important aspect, as it was almost considered a duty of the Egyptian people. It was also popular to marry cousins, brothers, and sisters considering family and dynasties were very important. If one was to be divorced it was a very private matter, but if they wanted, women could get divorced for any reason. The men were also free to marry as many women as they liked. Women could inherit their husbands belonging and property. They could give it to anyone or keep it, and many of the husband’s rules were written in his will. Women had a lot of rights in Ancient Egypt and that is very close to what we are today. In Mesopotamia, the rights for women were very different. The status of women in their marriage relied completely on a contract. The women were forced to stay with their husbands until he wanted to leave her, and there was nothing she could do if she was unhappy in the relationship. Once the husband divorced, they could not re-marry. Men dominated in every aspect, even the children. For women to have any inheritance or property it had to be in a written document. Some of the things women could do in Mesopotamian times were that they were able to buy and sell in the market place, and they could attend all legal matters. They could also conduct business on their property. The only reason why this was important though was because the men were lazy and wanted the women to work for them. The Napoleonic Code was a code in ancient times which also contained rules for women. The main aspect was that as long as men took care of the wives and protected them, the women had to have full obedience to their husbands. They had to ask to do anything and everything. There was no such thing as more than one marriage, because the only way a woman could divorce her husband was if they had grave or a severe injury. If the women committed adultery they would have three months in jail and a divorce, where as if the men committed adultery there was no punishment. The men were so powerful that if they were ever unhappy with their sons, they could get them arrested. The men had full use of the wife’s inheritance and property if she gave his approval, and it was very rare that she didn’t. Also, if anyone else wanted their inheritance, they would have to sue the owner of the inheritance. The husband managed the dowry completely, but had to give the wife one thing per year for maintenance or personal need. The only right the wife had was that she could make her will without the consent and authority of her husband. Lastly, the Sharia Law was unfair to women as well. The major inequality that is noticeable is that the Muslim men could marry non-Muslim women, but Muslim women could not marry non-Muslim men. Also the men could divorce their wives but he had to pay an already agreed sum of money that was established before the marriage. Women could onluy divorce men if they were infertile, insane, had leprosy or some other skin desease. The men had full power over the children, yet the mother could only have power over them if they were too young to part from their mothers. The worst part of the Sharia Law was that the men were given right under the Quran to hit their wives. The only right the women had were rights to inheritance, and the right to make a will. Researching all about the status of women in ancient times makes me so grateful to live the way we do today. Women should not be treated like objects or property. For a man to be able to hit a woman is so shocking to me. I believe that we should learn from our past world and know that we should not repeat some of the aspects of the law in ancient times again. How to cite The Status of Women in Ancient Times, Papers

What Life May Bring free essay sample

What Life may Bring ! Sometimes we wish we were young, we wish we were somewhere, we wish we had something. But sometimes we wish too much that we miss to enjoy WHO WE ARE, WHERE WE ARE AND WHAT WE HAVE. The secret of happiness Is to embrace and appreciate everything that happens In our life. Happiness Is between too little and too much. Having Just enough wealth to meet your needs, enough poverty to learn how to work hard, enough blessings to know God loves you and enough problems so you dont forget him, enough happiness to keep you happy, and enough sorrow to keep you human.What you are Is gods gift to you, but what you become Is your gift to God. Sometimes we put too much passion on the biggest dreams and powerless In life that we fall to love the smallest pleasures from simple things. We will write a custom essay sample on What Life May Bring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We search so much for the right choices, for the right paths to walk through, for the right time and for the right reasons. But life is not about searching for the things that can be found. It is about letting the unexpected happen and finding things you never searched for. We can be happy anytime once we understand that the only place well ever find genuine happiness is right inside us.Happiness begins at the point of acceptance . The point when we stop questioning why life cant be perfect and the point when we just accept the world the way it is. Do you know why god gives you another morning to wake up? Its the way to forget the pains of yesterday and see the chance of the new day brings. To dance and laugh again, to make up for the wrong things you have done, to see your friends and to make others feel happy and loved. You see its more than just another long day ahead. Its Gods way of reminding you that. He cares and loves everyone that he sends us the blessing called morning.

Media essay free essay sample

Ecstasy successfully uses audio codes, to enhance the sinister tone with the Intention to grasp the audiences attention and make them feel uncomfortable about the idea of drugs. The track uses non dietetic sound to highlight the themes involved in the extract, influencing the audience to subconsciously see alcohol/drugs as a negative thing. The first and last non-dietetic sound used in the extract is the sound of a heartbeat, even though the sound may be quiet, it is constantly projected throughout at a steady pace.The sound of the heartbeat can be unnerving as It Is instantly relatable to a persons health and the body, when the body Is under the Influence of drugs and alcohol the heart becomes erratic. The use of the heartbeat reminds the audience that the heart is a vital part of the body and with the use of drugs the heart is major impacted upon instantly increasing the risk of an early death. Another non-dietetic sound heard at the beginning of the extract is the sound of sirens, even though the sound is faint, it is still audible to the audience. The use of sirens connotes danger, warning and even Illegality.Whether the sirens represent the police, ambulances or even fire engines, the simple use of the non-delegate sound Is there to make the audience feel cautious. The sound of the sirens has its own sense of authority, making a statement. An additional audio code used throughout the extract was music in the background of the documentary this use of a soundtrack helps to create a tone of seriousness The tempo of the soundtrack also changes the emotion of the extract; slowing the tempo f the music and deepening the tone creates a disturbing, eerie type of music.The tone and tempo of the soundtrack varied, depending on what the Information mentioned was if the mentioned Information was more serious, the tempo would slow down and the tone of the music would deepen. This helps the audience understand the seriousness of what is said in the extract because of the way the music portrays it. More conventional types of audio codes are also used during the extract, box pops are used to show peoples opinions regarding the topic. The use of box pops makes the documentary seem more realistic to the audience, Involving the public within the extract causes the audience, to relate to what they are viewing.Also the use of box pops/ interviews makes the subject matter seem more realistic as it has real honest opinions of people living in our society. The box pop displays people of different cultures, race, age and ethnicity highlighting that drugs and alcohol affect people all over the world and people of all ages, causing it to be a pressing issue. The SE of different accents in the box pops help give the audience a subconscious idea that alcohol and drug use Is a global issue, and It Impacts of everyones lives. Another conventional type of audio code utilized in the extract is a voice over.The voice over is used in this documentary to Inform and engage the audience, with the without disruption. This typical convention is used in all types of documentary and most types of media, the way in which the voice over sp eaks is in a strong, demanding, male voice. The audience tends to feel more inclined to pay full attention o the documentary as the voice over is a strong, independent voice. Other than interviews of the public, a professional speaker was also involved in a box pop to give the documentary more credibility.With the use of a professional speaker it gives the audience reassurance that the documentary contains factual information. By including a person of a highly respected and well paid profession (such as a doctor, scientist etc. ) makes the documentary seem factual, and audiences tend to believe documentaries more if a professional appears with in them. During the extract the reflections helps create a more serious tone by using statistics, facts and his own knowledge to educate the audience regarding the matter at hand.Furthermore montages of clips also help create imagery for the audience. By using montages of clips during documentaries it displays multiple photographs and images to the audience at one time, it can also help exaggerate the importance and seriousness of why the images are being shown so quickly at the one time. As the montage included images of various tablets, needles and prescriptions it emphasizes how many various hypes of alcohol and drugs are available and the damage it can do to your body.Interfiles are also used in the extract to make the audience think about the documentary, and open their minds. Within the extract the font used in relation to the subject of drugs and alcohol is a bold font which looked similar to the font that would be used on prescriptions or on medicine bottles, this bold font makes the text stand out. The background of the screen is white in contrast to the thick black lettering, possibly resembling good and evil, innocence and delinquency, or even life ND death.Also the various sizes in which the words are displayed give t he audience an idea of the danger of each word words with a bigger font are more likely to stand out to the audiences eye, making them more memorable. All together these audio codes work to engage and entice the audience, ensuring they are captivated by what they are viewing. The layering of these techniques help the audience subconsciously absorb the facts given to them without feeling barraged with information creating a far more enjoyable viewing experience, no matter what the subject.

Introduction Hyper Inflation Has Plagued Most Of The Worlds Developin

Introduction Hyper inflation has plagued most of the world's developing countries over the past decades. Countries in the industrialised world, too, have at times duelled with dangerously high inflation rates in the post WWII era. With varying degrees of success, all have employed great efforts to bring their inflation rates within acceptable limits. Generally, a moderate rate of inflation has been the ultimate goal. More recently, however, a few countries have pursued policies that strive to eradicate inflation altogether through complete price stability. This has proven to be a contentious enterprise, which clearly indicates that there is still no universally accepted solution to the inflation problem. Indeed, there is not even an agreed consensus regarding the source of inflation itself. The monetarist perception that the root of inflation is solely the excessive creation of money remains. So too does the belief that inflation originates in the labour market. And amongst a variety of others, the opinion that inflation "serves the critical social purpose of resolving incompatible demands by different groups" is also strong. This last, and more widely accepted, case shows that the problem is hardly a technical one; but rather a political one. It highlights the now unquestionable fact that politics and inflation are inextricably linked. And as with all inherently political issues, consensus is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. But, political characteristics do provide flexibility. In some countries, high rates of inflation have clearly been compatible with rapid economic growth and fast rising standards of living. In such cases, it is quite reasonable to suggest that higher rates of inflation are acceptable--perhaps even necessary. In this setting, it is by no means clear that pursing a policy to stop moderate inflation is either required, or in the best interests of the mass of the population at all. While inflation guarantees that some will gain at th e expense of others, the redistributions of income and wealth which do take place can, on normal value grounds, be quite desirable. In other circumstances, it may be quite desirable to place strict controls on inflation, or strive to keep it at ?zero' level. Policies aimed at virtual price stability have been in use by central banks in Europe, New Zealand, and Canada over the past few years. Such policies have been particularly focused in Canada. As noted by Pierre Fortin, "the only objective the Bank of Canada has pursued since 1989 has been to establish and maintain the inflation rate at ?zero level', which it sees as a CPI inflation rate that is clearly below two percent" (italic added). To the surprise of many, it has been incredibly successful, achieving its objective several years before schedule. Although separated by only a few percentage points, Canada's policy is a sharp contrast to the moderate and balanced approach used in the U.S. "Since 1989 the Federal Reserve has bee n satisfied with achieving an inflation rate of around 3 percent. In setting the interest rate, it has continued to pay explicit attention to real economic growth and employment, with the result that the U.S. unemployment rate is currently in the 5 to 6 percent range." Based on this statistic alone, it can be argued that the more moderate U.S. approach has enjoyed greater success than the deflation oriented policy pursued by the Bank of Canada: Canada continues to be burdened with a higher rate of unemployment. Yet, it continues to believe that the unemployment costs of low inflation are ?transitory and small' . The directors of most European Central Banks also continue to support this dogma. Clearly, the credibility of the "classical idea that the Phillips trade off between inflation and unemployment disappears in the long run" is still very high throughout the world. But, in Canada, as in most of Europe, the waiting continues. This is not to suggest that the waiting game has been silent and entirely pleasant. Indeed, the relative lack (or lag!) of success of zero inflation policies and strict price controls has spurred much heated debate. As a case in point, more people are curious why Canada has exclusively focused on inflation cutting and turned a blind eye to the more balanced, and arguably more successful, approach adopted by the

A Journey To The Center Of The Earth Essays - English-language Films

A Journey to the Center of the Earth In the novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, author Jules Verne tells the fictitious story of three men and their adventures as they descend into the depths of the earth. The leading character in this expedition is a fifty-year-old German professor named Hardwigg. He is an uncle to the narrator, Henry (Harry), a simple Englishman. The other man is Hans, a serene Icelandic guide. Professor Hardwigg finds a piece of parchment that written in Runic in a book. Harry finds out before his uncle that it says there is a way to get into the center of the earth through a mountain (Mt. Sneffels) in Iceland. Harry is reluctant to tell his uncle the message because he is afraid his uncle will actually want to visit the center of the earth. He was right because the professor wanted to explore as soon as possible. They head off to Iceland, and, along the way, receive Hans as their guide. The journey to the mountain itself takes a while. They reach the entrance to the center, and from there, they head inside. Once in the dark labyrinths, they descend (this goes on for days). The three men then face difficulties: thirst, light, getting lost, injuries, and fatigue, were among them. They make many discoveries. They find that theres a sea, with fish and sea monsters. They find forests, giant mushrooms, animals that look like dinosaurs, and even what seems to be giant human beings. The idea of writing this story came from a scientist who explored the crater of a certain mountain. Verne got the idea that maybe it would be possible to descend even further into the earth. Many of Vernes fantasy stories have come true in the years following his death in the year 1905. A Journey to the Center of the Earth is farthest from reality. Even with the technology we have today, it would be impossible for one to descend into the earth. For one thing, we know now that the earth cant be hollow because of extreme pressures and temperatures. People became interested in Vernes stories during his time because though they were unrealistic, they were too interesting and entertaining to pass up. Some people even believed he had traveled to the many places that he wrote of. While checking into a hotel once, the woman told him to rest well in the room because he must be tired from his many adventures. She probably thought this because Verne uses facts of science so well the story can seem as if it were actually the real thing. Vernes writings about submarines, space travel, helicopters were prophecies of the future. It is a mystery how he came up with such ideas for wonderfully told adventures. Verne grew up when steam engines were changing the world. He was the first writer to proclaim that scientific discovery could prompt remarkable stories. I found A Journey to the Center of the Earth thoughtful and mind-boggling at the same time. The discoveries they find are truly unbelievable: Sea monsters, a sea, giants, forests and giant mushrooms. These are surely non-existent because nothing like them could live in such circumstances. The characters in this story must have also been extremely strong and determined, since theyre able to live for so long underground in darkness (somewhat). The beginning of the story is quite slow; they take a long time to start descending into the earth. Once you get into the story, its quite easy to find yourself in the midst of the channels of granite. A Journey to the Center of the Earth is a wonderfully well written book. The very idea of a person being able to travel into the earth is remarkable in itself. To put seas and creatures into the story is exceptional. Jules Verne is such a great writer, he makes this adventure seem as if it actually happened; as if it werent just some fantasy, but an undeniable existence.

Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart

Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart This essay aims to reveal the significance of Okwonko, the central character in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart. It exposes the characteristics of Okwonko, the village hero by how he relates with his family, friends and community. In addition, it traces his love for his community, passion for war and violence. Finally, it displays his hopelessness when his community accepts the British.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Okwonko in Things Fall Apart specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his most acclaimed book, Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe depicts Okwonko as a hero. The story is set in colonial Africa under the rule of British imperialists in Nigeria. Okwonko is man who believes in African values and customs, but he has a big ego. He treats his mates and family (Nwoye) arrogantly and shamefully. Okwonko thinks he should be the leader of his community. He also feels Africans should not imi tate white man’s traditions and customs. In addition, Okwonko thinks women are supposed to be slaves to men as revealed in the way he treats them violently. When finally his community embraces the ways of the white man, Okwonko commits suicide to show his hopelessness. In behaving this way, Okwonko is proving his manhood in a society that does not respect women. He also calls his mates ‘women’. It reveals that he is a boastful man who does not value his friends. Okwonko is also obsessed with war and violence. This is revealed the way he picks quarrels with his friends and challenges them for a fight. He also beats up his wives and children (Nwoye) whenever they have done wrong. On the other hand, Okwonko is a community defender. This is by sticking to the African customs and traditions. Finally, in killing himself, Okwonko reveals the despair that engulfed most communities when the colonialists succeeded in corrupting the minds of Africans. Okwonko depicts many African characteristics in his behavior. First, his passionate defense of his community reveals Africans had their own ways of living. They had their methods of schooling and entertainments in the form of village duels where Okwonko became a hero by beating his rival. Second, the way he treats his wives without respect and decorum show Africans who looked down upon women. Their roles were only to cook and sire children. Third, by treating his friends arrogantly, Okwonko displays a community that believed in manhood. A man had to stand up to be counted. Lastly, on taking his own life, he becomes the voice of hopeless Africans who detested the imperialists. Generally, Okwonko is a symbol of uncolonised Africa.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Okwonko does all these to make an African point. First, when he bullies his wives and sons in the homestead, he reveals to th e white man that, in Africa, a man is the head of the family. Second, when he calls his mates ‘women’ and challenges them for war, Okwonko proves to his community heroism and strength is the epitome of a village warrior. Okwonko is ready to defend his community at all costs. Third, his hatred for British colonizers and adoration for African values e.g. their own governance, education and entertainments, the village hero confirms to the white man the superiority of Africa. Finally, in committing suicide, Okwonko demonstrates to his community a terrible hopelessness of accepting the British values and customs. In conclusion, Chinua Achebe aims at revealing Africa that had it forms of education, governance and entertainments before coming of the British. Through Okwonko, the writer reveals the village fights, the family traditions and the challenges of Africa. Heroism of Okwonko is the courage of Africa during the colonial period. In addition, his destruction is the hopele ssness and despair Africa felt under British colonization.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome essays

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome essays Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a series of mental and physical birth defects The manifestations of these defects are associated with a mothers ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome annually affects between 1.3 and 2.2 children per 1,000 live births in North America. Researchers estimate that cases of Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD) exceed those of FAS by a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1. This would indicate that women in the U.S. annually give birth to between 16,548 and 22,064 children exhibiting the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol use or abuse by the pregnant woman subjects her to the same range of risks that alcohol does in the general population. However, it poses extreme and unique risks to the fetus and is associated with FAS. Timing of alcohol use during pregnancy is also of importance. Alcohol use during the second trimester is more damaging than use in the third trimester. Alcohol ingested by a pregnant woman easily passes across the placental barrier to the fetus. Because of this, drinking alcohol can adversely affect the development of the baby. Research of the Effects of parental exposure to alcohol. Research on the extent and effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol is sometimes contradictory. It is done much the same way as any other medical research conducted under non-experimental conditions. It is sometimes difficult to find appropriate candidates for study. Most hospitals lack protocols for identifying pregnant women who use alcohol and/or other drugs; in addition, such protocols have limited use because people often do not admit such behavior. Toxicology assessments can result in false positives or fail to reveal alcohol or other drug uses because those substances have metabolized. Researchers frequently fail to base their prevalence estimates on samples representative of the general population. Researchers often have trouble establishing a matched control group...

Over-education in the graduate labour market Literature review

Over-education in the graduate labour market - Literature review Example The UK economy has increased the number of graduates in the labour force in the past two decades. In the UK, six in every ten individuals is a graduate. More people have refused to settle for the school exams such as GCSEs or A-levels by going a step further to get graduate level education. Among the European Union countries, the UK has the highest number of adults who have graduate-level qualifications (Zhang, 2007). Despite the financial crisis, investment in higher education in the UK is still high. The share of graduates has grown by 10 per cent, but the prevalence of overeducated graduates has remained stable at 30 percent (McGuiness, 2006). More women and the youth from minority groups have pursued higher education in recent years. These two groups have seen a better presentation in the graduate group than the workforce. Studies also show that graduates expect to get graduate level jobs three years or later after graduation and has settled for the idea to build a foundation for their careers (Zhang, 2007, p.46). In other studies, it is right to say that higher education may not be recognising the potential of non-traditional students. Only traditional students have higher degree classifications, higher satisfaction ratings in terms of experience and better outcome in the workforce. Graduates stand greater chances of attaining employment than non-graduates. They also stand a better position to hold management level jobs than the latter. Research also shows non-graduates between the ages of 21 and 30 have the highest rate of unemployment (Walter & Zhu, 2007). With time, graduate’s wages increase annually unlike that of non-graduates. Nonetheless, there are some jobs that are non-graduate, which require graduate skills from a degree. Most employers are focusing on skills and quality than knowledge. It is common practice, therefore, for graduates to take up a non-graduate job or voluntary work to add to their CV. According to research, approximately

Governance for Environmental Sustainability - Policy Analysis Essay

Governance for Environmental Sustainability - Policy Analysis - Essay Example The document provides an analysis of the background, aims and objectives of the NAP. It also addresses the implication beyond NAP areas in the consumption/market and health sector. Finally, the government’s accountability in development, implementation and evaluation, how much people are informed on the policy, and policy’s outcome. Keywords: National Agricultural Policy, Indian Government, Agricultural Sustainability, Food Security, Environmental Safety, Resources, Growth rate, Diversification, Farmers, Consumers, GMOs, Production, Bio-technologies, Food Prices, Initiatives, and Credit Institutions, Prior to the introduction of the policy in India, the country had experienced various agrarian reforms since the 80s. When the green revolution period set in agricultural production improved due to the technological breakthrough. This brought diversification in agricultural activities, influenced investment, change in economic policies and growth in output. However, the impact was not the same in regions of dry lands in India. In fact, such parts had not realized the benefits of technological breakthrough, meaning the policies and reforms that existed failed to serve equally the entire country. The Indian government tried to implement policies that sought to change the situation in the dry lands, but instead brought more confusion and challenges/opportunities for the agricultural sector. Chand states there was strong pressure for the Indian government to develop a formal agricultural plan to direct the sector in new and emerging sectors; this yielded the new agricultural policy of 2 000 intended to guide the sector for the next two decades (n.d.). It is a broad policy focused on addressing the challenges in Indian agriculture, one of which is sustainable agriculture and practices that affects environmental concerns. India has high population of people, second after China, which makes the government work on maintaining food security

The global automobile industry - an analysis of General Motors Case Study

The global automobile industry - an analysis of General Motors - Case Study Example General Motors has survived major economic whirlwinds that have rocked the United States and the global automobile industry. However, the company has had its fair share of challenges, some of which have threatened is very existence. Despite the good financial statistics that General Motors Corporation has posted over the years, it is worth noting that the company has faced a number of challenges, considering the dynamic nature of the automobile industry (Fear, 2004). However, the company has not attained its optimal performance because of two separate incidents of bankruptcy claims. In addition, General Motors has had to repossess most of its cars in the United States after widespread claims of faulty ignition systems. Both of these factors have affected the financial performance of GMC tremendously. Besides, General Motors faces stiff competition from a number of automobile companies with huge market shares in the United States. General Motors survived bankruptcy in 2009 after receiving help from the federal government. In essence, General Motors was on the verge of collapsing because it had closed Saturn, Hummer, and Pontiac brands. This move came at a time when General Motors had already closed its Saab brand, which was a Swedish brand. GM’s shareholders felt the hitch because they could not access the assets of the firm in some countries, especially in Europe and Asia. General Motors had a new positive twist in 2010 because it reverted to its old symbol on the New York Stock Exchange (Smolinsky, 2011). During the same year, GM traded its shares in the Toronto Stock Exchange. The company performed well throughout the year at the New York Stock Exchange after an initial public offering (IPO) of $23 billion at $33per share. The filing of bankruptcy by General Motors took the country a step back by a total of $ billion that was used to bail out the company. Indeed, GM’s bankruptcy affected the U.S. economy in a negative way because the

Nursing Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Nursing Theories - Essay Example Nurses use both theories in their studies because no theory has been established supreme over the other. They have similarities but differ in major aspects as well. Therefore, the theories can be used interchangeably, depending on the individual clients. It is their vivid contrast that allows them to be used in different scenarios. In the care for college students who abuse drugs, Orem’s theory takes the lead in treating such patients. This is outlined in the evaluation of her theory, which promotes an advanced care for individuals who cannot make intelligent decisions owing to their lack of proper judgment. Orem’s theory states that one strives to take care of him or herself. Therefore, one would do activities that lead to safety (Orem, 2001). However, when one is incapable of doing so, then they should seek for assistance. At such a point, one is considered to be self care deficient. This is when nurses can offer their services to such an individual. The nurses work with the patient in order to restore them to a position they can be self-reliant. In order to illustrate her theory better, Dorothy has redefined the core components in nursing. She describes a person as one who can take care of oneself and one who is dependent on self. She defines health as the state of total wholeness which enables one to carry out self-care without assistance. The third aspect, environment refers to the external surroundings of a person. She is mostly vague on this issue. Finally, she defines nursing as the services offered to the unhealthy because they are not in a position to care for self. Nur ses are required to establish the capacity for one to act as a healthy individual. If they can determine that one has failed to carry out such a task then it lies upon the nurse to give care to such persons (Jaarsma et al, 1990). King focuses on the end result of nursing. She states that a nurse should formulate goals with a patient on their treatment.

Enviroment issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviroment issues - Essay Example Exhaust gasses that are emitted from factories and transportations can affect human health and life negatively. When these pollutant gasses are dispatched in the air sphere and inhaled by humans, the conditions sprout. When human beings inhale these pollutant gases, dire consequences arise, more so in the lungs. Gas pollution has also been known to result from smoking of cigarettes. Another environmental issue is water pollution. Waste plants that are produced by factories and the oil spills from industrial ships can cause water pollution. Indeed, the water becomes dirty and dangerous for human consumption. Water pollution can also arise from people littering the beach environments through such indecent behaviors as throwing trash in the water. Lastly, in this paper, there is noise pollution. Noise pollution can be caused by transportation systems. It is easily noticed in big and crowded cities such as New York, Los Angles and California. Human health is mainly affected by noise as it can cause stress, lack of sleep, headaches amongst other health related issues. Â   This paper has classified the pollution into three types; air, water, and noise. The issue of pollution is pertinent in the world, as it tends to pull people away from an ideal environment. In order to reduce the noise, air and water pollution the government needs to create laws for factories and different type of transportation systems. A good example is forcing them to put refinery on the exhaust products in factories and vehicle transmission systems. In addition, the government should create laws for factories, industrial ships and people that forbid them from throwing trash or polluting the water. Contravening of these laws by any of these groups should result in serious consequences. Â   I believe that the people can play an effective role in improving and protecting the environment. In fact, people can grow trees and plants in their backyards, especially

The Clean Air Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Clean Air Act - Essay Example The researcher states that since the World War II, the US economy has continued to grow. This growth can be attributed to increased manufacturing. The large number of industries in the US was a source of pollutants that continued to degrade the environment. Thus, the need to regulate the amount off pollutants that industries could discharge into the air arose. Efforts that culminated in the modern Clean Air Act (CAA) can be traced to the 1950s. The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 was signed into law by President Eisenhower. The initial version of the law authorized the United States Surgeon General to provide assistance to the states on how to implement controls. The â€Å"killer smog† in London and New York in the 1960’s created concern about increased air pollution. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) was empowered by the 1963 CAA to act on interstate air pollution. According to Jonathan & Joseph, this act established a national authority that woul d intervene in air pollution which posed a danger to the health of any person. Four years later, President Johnson signed the Air Quality Act of 1967 which was an amendment of the 1963 Act. The 1967 Air Quality Act authorized HEW to set national air quality standards. The Act required states to set ambient air quality standards. These standards were expected to be in line with the criteria set by HEW. Roy notes that the Air Quality Act of 1967 had a shortcoming in that it did not establish enforcement procedures. The Clean Air Act was enacted in 1970. It brought about a shift in the strategy of tackling pollution. The amendments empowered the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish a National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These standards are meant to protect the public by setting the levels of air quality that must be maintained. The 1970 Amendments created New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) program. NSPS authorized EPA to set standards that wo uld determine technology requirements for new or modified sources of air pollution. The amendments also brought about the regulation of air pollutants and air toxics. These amendments were controversial and brought about challenges to EPA in the implementation of the NAAQs (Jonathan & Joseph 12-14). Little success in achieving the goals of the 1970 Amendments prompted the 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act. At the time, only few areas of the country had made progress in meeting the applicable NAAQS. Consequently, the amendments extended the time required for compliance. New pollution control criteria were set for areas that could not attain the standards set by the 1970 Amendments. These amendments aimed at defining the standards that industrial technologies would meet in order to control pollution (Roy, 1970). In 1990, Congress revised the Clean Air Act (The 1990 Amendments). These amendments knocked off some elements of the previous act and added new programs. The act strengthen ed the ability of EPA to enforce standards. It required that the air pollution control obligations of an individual pollution source be entrenched in a single permit that expired after five years. The states were allocated a three year period to develop permit programs. These permit programs had to be compliant with EPA standards. In summary, The 1990 Amendments set standards that would see a decrease in Ozone depletion, air toxics and motor vehicle pollution among other areas (Jolish 306). Industry Response to the Clean Air Act The 1990 Amendments forced corporations to create necessary budgetary allocations that would cater for equipment, research and product development. Companies started integrating environmental

Public Health Past And Present Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Past And Present Health And Social Care Essay Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2006). The concept of health is the main theme and focus of public health. The concept of Public health was defined by the American public health leader, Charles-Edward A. Winslow, in 1920 as, the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health (Winslow, 1926) and also adopted as the definition by The Acheson Committee on Public Health in England, which reported in 198 8, at their first meeting which is cited in the Health Second Report of the House of Common (2001). What does this definition tell us about the meaning of public health? It means it is the organised efforts of society, implying some collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole et al, 2004) Public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. It generally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of healthy behaviours among members of the community in contrast to medicine which is focus on the overall health of the individual. Public health deals with the population while medicine deals with the individual. The population can be as small as of people who lives in one community or as large as all the people of several continents in the case of a pandemic. As public health become popular to this modern time tensions sometimes arise between medicine and public health. Each discipline has its distinct priorities. Medicine aims at cures for individual diseases and primarily dealing with individuals while public health emphasizes the prevention of disease of the population and health promotion. The Health Second Report of the House of Commons (House of Commons, 2001) mentioned in the paper that Public health, according to the Proprietary Association of Great Britain, is not a term understood by the majority of the public and one of the difficulties with the term public health is that it means different things to different people. In addition according to the report that Public Health can span everything from a medical specialty to a specialty which is an awful lot broader than medicine and to almost a philosophy and Public health can be variously defined so as to cover trends of disease in a population, the provision of preventive and health improving care, or a range of health-impacting factors including or excluding the NHS. According to Brieger (1999) and Kumar (2007) the history of public health has been a flourishing field in the last three decades. Yet despite a spate of excellent monographs about various epidemic diseases and many good collections about health and disease in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, as well as Europe and North America, the most recent textbook on the history of public health is four decade old. George Rosens venerable, A History of Public Health, was first published in 1958. In many ways, public health is largely a modern concept, although it has roots in antiquity and public health impact and influence has waxed and waned over the past 150 years (House of Commons, 2001). Tosh (1984) cited by Womack and Scally (2004) in his book The Pursuit of history wrote, To know about the past is to know that things have not always been as they are now, and by implication that they need not remain the same in the future and according to Carr (1987) cited by Womack and Scally (2004), history offers a dual function, to enable men and women to understand society of the past and to increase the mastery over the society of the present. The importance of the history, knowledge and understanding of the past public health and how it evolved, its success and failures, its highs and lows enable us to increase our understanding of the present. In this paper public health history is revisited to see how past shaped the public health today. Past and Present Throughout the human history, community attempts to prevent and limit the spread of diseases which are the main early historical ideas of public health. Evidence of the existence of the idea of public health can be found in the earliest evidence of communal living and existence of diseases similar to what we have today. Evidences of activities connected with community health were well documented by Rosen et al (1993) in the book A History of Public Health these community health activities have been found in the very earliest civilizations dated as early as four thousand years ago in India, where evidence showed that these early Indian cities where consciously planned in which the bathrooms and drains are common in excavated buildings, the streets were broad, paved and drained by covered sewers. In Middle Kingdom (2100-1700 BC) archaeologist discovered the ruin city of Kahun in Egypt and there is an evidence that care was taken to drain off water by means of masonry gutter in the cent re of the street. During the pre-Christian era, about two thousand years ago, the problem of procuring drinking water supply for larger communities had already been solved. In the book it was mentioned about the impressive engineering works of the Incas. They established well-drained cities that were adequately supplied with water, thus providing a good basis for the health of the community. In Greece, for example, the Cretan-Mycenean culture had large conduits, and in the Palaces, such as that of Konosos on Crete, which dates from the second pre-Christian millennium, there were not only magnificent bathing facilities but also water flushing arrangements for the toilets (Rosen et al, 1993). Kumar (2007) mentioned that Romans believe that ill health could be associated with, amongst other things, bad air, bad water, swamps, sewage, debris and lack of personal cleanliness. In some places, Rome included, it is impossible to avoid all of these unless something is physically done to alte r the environment. The Romans resolved these problems by the provision of clean water through aqueducts, removing the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and development of a system of public toilets throughout their towns and citys and personal hygiene was encouraged through the building of large public baths. These historical evidences of public health community activities are the source of early information and strategies on the importance of housing and sanitation in public health. Rosen et al, (1993) discussed the concept of cleanliness and it was very evidence during early days. Cleanliness and personal hygiene are to be found among present-days primitive and very unquestionably practiced by pre-historic and early historic men. Primitive people dispose generally their excretions in sanitary way, although their reasons are quite different to the reasons of todays generation. During early days these practices are connected to religious practices. People kept clean to be pure and clean in the eyes of the gods and not for hygienic reason. An interesting example cited by Rosen et al (1993) was the connection between the cleanliness and religion in the Inca feast, Citua. Every year, in September, at the beginning of rainy season which is associated with diseases, the people led by the Inca carried out health ceremony. In addition to prayer all homes were thoroughly cleaned. Religious traditions against eating pork among Hebrews and Muslims reflect the special hazar ds of eating those foods when inadequately preserved or prepared. As often happens in public health, even without an understanding of the underlying etiology, effective preventive measures can be taken. Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention. Other ancient practices which created a great impact in health of our modern time such as those that can be found among the Indian cultures with a well-developed system of health-related practices called Ayurveda (the science of living) that extensively used herbs and yoga (body and breathing exercises) based on three broad parameters, loosely translated as air (vata), bile (pita) and phelgm (kapha). While the exact date of the origins of these practices are unknown, it is variously estimated to have been in existence since before 1000 B.C. It is generally believed that invasive medicines were discouraged within Ayurveda, though some translations of older works suggest that occasional operations were performed on exceptional cases. Ancient Indian cultures also cultivated systems of healing such as Pranic healing (Mishra, 2003). The Ancient Greek would not have been too unfamiliar with some of the health and fitness regimes that are used by people today. The word Regimen was used by t he Greeks to describe peoples lifestyles: from which can be derived the word regimented (as in organised). The Greek philosophy of Regimen covered what people ate, drank, the types and amount of exercise that they took and how much sleep they had. These ideas were very thorough: it demonstrates that the Greeks knew that lifestyle could affect the quality of life, as evidenced by their development and championing of the Olympics. Such is the quality of the remaining evidence that we can even see that doctors advice differed for those who were rich: and could therefore afford to spend time and money on relaxing, and those who worked or were poorer: and therefore couldnt maintain as healthy a lifestyle as possible many of which are still visible in places today (Kumar, 2007). In China, although it is not traditionally known as public health, but health practices were visible already during the early days. The earliest known work on Chinese herbs appeared as early as 100 B.C.E., the acu puncture and moxibution, both of which have been practiced as therapeutic techniques in China for more than 2,000 years, the Qi Gong, as an art of healing and health preservation, dates back to the Tang Yao period, some twenty centuries B.C.E. which is about dancing and body movements, and various ways of breathing, exhalation, and exclamation were recognized as ways to read-just some functions of the human body and treat diseases (Koenig et al, 2001). Public health problems are caused majority by diseases which are transmitted from one person to another. One example is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was a very common problem all over the world until a good understanding of the disease helped scientists and doctors invent treatments. Less than 100 years ago, many famous people died from the disease, including artists, writers, philosophers, scientists, politicians and even some kings and queens. The history of diseases can be traced as early as the human existence. Paleopathology, the study of ancient diseases using fossils and other artifacts, reveals that early Homo sapiens, who were hunter-gatherers, suffered from essentially the same diseases that afflict people today for example, schistosomiasis, prevalent in Egypt today, has been found in Kidneys 3000 years old (Kloss and David, 2002) and skeletal remains show prehistoric humans (7000 BC) had TB (Hershkovitz et al, 2008), and tubercular decay has been found in the spines of mummi es from 3000-2400 BC (Zink et al, 2003). According to Rosen et al, (1993) the first clear accounts of acute communicable diseases occur in the literature of classical Greece such as the writings of Thucydides and Hippocrates. In Hippocratic collection several known diseases of today were already mentioned such as malarial fevers, colds, pneumonia, inflammation of the eyes, suggestive statements of the presence of cases of diphtheria (although not known yet as diphtheria) and other unknown diseases in those time. In the period of the Western European history from the fall of the West Roman Empire in the 5th to the 15th century is known as the middle ages (Dark ages) religion takes a firm hold on science (Koenig et al, 2001). During this time, the Western Europe experienced a period of social and political disintegration. Large cities disappeared, replaced by small villages surrounding the castles of feudal chiefs. The only unifying force was Christianity, and it was in the monasteries that the learning and culture of the Greco-Roman world was preserved. Furthermore, in many of these institutions, piped water supplies, sanitary sewers, privies, bathing facilities, and heating and ventilation were provided. In addition, some monasteries constructed hospices to shelter travellers and sick persons, though the medical care provided in them was primitive at best. In Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, however, feudalism did not exist, and medicine advanced and became centred in major secular hospitals e stablished in Byzantium, Baghdad, and Cairo (Conrad, 2006). The two most popular epidemics during the Middle Ages were Black Death and leprosy. Due to the specific environmental circumstances of medieval Europe and the religion of medieval people, these two epidemics had great social repercussions In early 1347, a fearful epidemic of bubonic plague broke out in Constantinople. From then on, this great plague would reach Europe and kill approximately from one-fourth to nine-tenths of the human population in the affected areas. Black Death or Plague from a modern medical point of view, it is a pneumonic type of an infection, highly contagious, which could be transmitted via inhalation, ingestion, or even slight abrasion of skin. Usually, lung lesions occur and death may occur from heart failure. The walls of blood vessels are attacked frequently causing haemorrhages and acute blood poisoning. It is fatal in almost all cases (Byrne, 2004). While leprosy spread in every civilized country in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Order of Lazarus was founded, and Lazarettoes built in a great numbers: the work and the purpose of the Order is to segregate and govern the afflicted and dangerous part of humanity. The disease was controlled through segregation and isolation of those who were afflicted of the disease (Rawcliffe, 2006), which is a very important concept of quarantine and isolation for the modern public health. Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention. By the 1600s, the practices of isolation and quarantine had begun to be employed to prevent the spread of certain diseases; by the 1800s these practices had become common in the American colonies. Methods of smallpox inoculation also began to be used and apparently mitigated some epidemics, even before Edward Jenners introduction of a safe vaccine based on cowpox virus (Schoenbach, 2000). In the early modern world, after about 1500, the West grew in wealth and world dominance, but it did not grow healthier. Infections that took a terrible toll on previously isolated societies, so-called virgin populations, became domesticated as world travel increased and urbanization progressed. Diseases that had been epidemic became endemic in urban centres (Brieger, 1999). During this period the development of crowded urban living, created the profoundest health problems. The contradiction between health and wealth of the nation was not lost. The promotion of fertility and personal hygiene education, the policing of sexually and socially transmitted diseases through policies of isolation and treatment and other major public health importance to the public health of modern time emerged during this period (Porter, 1994). In 1848, after studying a typhus epidemic, the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow stated that all epidemics had social causes-most typically poverty, hunger, and poor housing. Virchow believed that improving social conditions would have a positive effect on public health. This important early perspective plays a significant role in todays thinking about public health, especially when there are major health disparities among social classes within an individual society or between rich and poor countries (Open Collections Program, 2008). The period from 1750 until the mid-nineteenth century was characterized by unprecedented industrial, social, and political developments, and the resulting societal impacts were immense, culminating in the Industrial Revolution (Porter, 1994). In the modern public-health advocates emerged in response to the slum and desperate working conditions of nineteenth-century Europe and North America. In centres like New York, London and Berlin the struggle for proper sewerage, decent housing, clean water, factory inspectors, district health officers and a regime of food inspections was born (Remington (chairman), 1988). First major written contribution in the field of public health was in Germany, Between 1779-1816, Johann Peter Frank, a leading clinician, medical educator, and hospital administrator. Franks fame rests on his massive System einer vollstà ¤ndigen medizinischen Polizey (9 vol., 1779-1827; System of a Complete Medical Policy), which covers the hygiene of all stages of a mans life. He undertook to systematize all that was known on public health and to devise detailed codes of hygiene for enactment. He was among the first to urge international regulation of health problems, and he endorsed the notion of medical police, whereby one of the duties of the state was to protect the health of its citizens (Frank, 2008). On the other hand in England 1788, Jeremy Bentham in the hope of making a political career, he settled down to discovering the principles of legislation. The great work on which he had been engaged for many years, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, was published in 1789. In this book he defined the principle of utility as that property in any object whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered. Mankind, he said, was governed by two sovereign motives, pain and pleasure; and the principle of utility recognized this state of affairs. The object of all legislation must be the greatest happiness of the greatest number. He deduced from the principle of utility that, since all punishment involves pain and is therefore evil, it ought only to be used so far as it promises to exclude some greater evil.(Bentham, 2008). Through Benthams work Chadwick was influenced to produce his famous work General Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842). As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834-46), Chadwick was largely responsible for devising the system under whi ch the country was divided into groups of parishes administered by elected boards of guardians, each board with its own medical officer. Later, as commissioner of the Board of Health (1848-54), he conducted a campaign that culminated in passage of the Public Health Act of 1848. This legislation embodied his belief that public health should be administered locally so as to encourage the people to participate in their own protection (Chadwick, 2008). In1854. London was in the middle of an outbreak of cholera. At the time, Europeans did not know what caused cholera. People saw that a lot of people were getting sick and dying, and they ran away to other places hoping they would not get sick too. The discovery owing largely to the work of a mid-nineteenth-century English doctor named John Snow. He watched who was getting sick very carefully. He made a map and put a mark on the map for each person who had got sick and died (Steven, 2006). Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium-Vibrio cholerae-whose role was identified by the German physician Robert Koch in 1883. By far the most common route of infection is drinking contaminated water. And, since water comes to contain V. cholerae through the excrement of cholera victims, an outbreak of the disease is evidence that people have been drinking each others feces (Steven, 2006). The classic investigations on the transmission of cholera by John Snow in 1854 and other diseases such as typhoid fever by William Budd in 1834, and puerperal fever by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 led to understanding and the ability to reduce the spread of major infections and other studies and researches and give rise to the birth of epidemiology (Schoenbach, 2000) which is a very important field in the modern public health. Two major points can be drawn from historical perspective with the 19th century the dramatic advances in the effectiveness of public health  ­ the great sanitary awakening and the advent of bacteriology and the germ theory (Schoenbach, 2000). The rapid advances in the scientific knowledge about causes and prevention of numerous diseases brought tremendous changes in public health. Many major contagious diseases were brought under control through science applied in public health. The identification of bacteria and the development of interventions such as immunization and water purification techniques provided a means of controlling and preventing the spread of diseases (Remington (chairman), 1988).The advance in understanding of infectious disease that constituted the arrival of the bacteriologic era at the end of the century dramatically increased the effectiveness of public health action. In one dramatic example, mosquito control brought the number of yellow fever deaths in Havana from 305 to 6 in a single. Cholera, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis, the great scourges of humanity, rapidly came under control in the industrialized countries (Schoenbach, 2000). However, with the decline in severity of infectious disease came a rise in mental illnesses, drug addictions, chronic diseases, cancer, and injuries and health damage associated with industrial labour and new emergence of infectious diseases associated with lifestyle such as HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and re-emergence of diseases once thought defeated or least controlled like TB and malaria are back and have developed resistance to the drugs. Hospitals are today besieged by new forms of infection such as MRSA and C. dificiles that are resistant to most known antibiotics because of abuse and misuse of antibiotics. The changing demographic profile of the country such as increasing over 65 years population, the financial, health and care cost and provisions, ethnicity, diversity, the natural environment including source of water, types of food, clean air, different philosophies about animal use in research, technological advances such as bio-engineering, genetic engineering and human embryonic technology adds to the challenges of the modern public health. Over the course of history such as the Sanitary movement of the nineteenth century and the development of bacteriology substantially lowered death rates from enteric diseases and other serious health problems still existed (House of Commons). Despite remarkable success in lowering deaths from typhoid, diphtheria, and other contagious diseases, considerable disability continuous to exist in the population. It also became clear that diseases, even for treatment was available, still predominantly affected urban poor (Remington (chairman), 1988). In the Twentieth Century, health, as measured by life expectancy, has improved for the population of Britain to a remarkable extent. Life expectancy in England and Wales has increased from 52 years for men and 55 years for women in 1910, to 74 years and 79 years respectively in 1994. Over the same period infant mortality has fallen from around 105 per thousand to six per thousand. Over the past twenty years, overall mortality rates have continue d to decrease. However, health indicators such as mortality and morbidity rates have not improved at the same rates for everyone, with the result that health gap between the healthiest groups and the least healthy groups has now widened and is widening further (House of Commons, 2001). Health inequalities between develop countries and developing countries still exist at this modern time. Concern about health inequalities and other distributional aspects (disparity) of health status and service use has enjoyed varying degrees of attention over the years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, distributional concerns (i.e. a concern for about the health status of different socio-economic groups within society as distinct from the overall societal average) were dominant in thought about international health. These concerns then receded for about a decade, from around the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, as attention turned from equity to efficiency. Now, the pendulum has begun to swing back, and distributional concerns are on the rise (Gwatkin, 2002). Those who are most vulnerable to evolving health crises tend to be the poor and marginalized who already suffer from numerous inequities and lack of opportunities. Another striking example of the disparity in emerging health issues is found in environmental health. While the industrialized world, representing 15% of the worlds population, consumes more than 60% of world energy, the developing world shoulders the greater health burden from modern environmental hazards. According to the World Health Organization, more than 40% of the total disease burden (in disability adjusted life years lost DALYs) due to urban air pollution occurs in developing countries. Children are especially vulnerable to chemical, physical and biological hazards in their environments because they are in a very active growth stage and the ability of their bodies to detoxify is not fully developed (Global Health Council, 2008). Despite progress over the last decades, health conditions in many developing countries are still unsatisfactory and, in most instances, health outcomes in these economies remain below those attained in the developed countries, with a significant share of the populations suffering from reventable and/or easily treatable diseases. To a large extent, global inequalities in health outcomes eflect the enormous socio-economic disparities that exist between rich and poor countries. Simultaneously, inequalities in health outcomes are prevalent between or among different socio-economic, ethnic, racial, cultural groups in a country: for example, between male and female, between urban and rural populations, between rich and poor groups, the old and the young, etc. (CDP Working Group on Global Public Health, 2009) The world is entering a new era in which, paradoxically, improvements in some health indicators and major reversals in other indicators are occurring simultaneously. Rapid changes in an already complex global health situation are taking place in a context in which the global public-health workforce is unprepared to confront these challenges (Beaglehole et al, 2004). Modern technologies give rise to modern public health problems such as high rates of occupational diseases and industrial injuries led to programs for industrial hygiene and occupational health. Mental health (stress and depression) was identified as a public health issue, and specific nutritional deficiencies were recognized as risk factors for a spectrum of diseases and other health nutritional related diseases such as obesity and malnutrition. The urban development patterns and global trade policies have had a direct impact on the emergence of preventable injuries and tobacco use as major public health threats. In 2000, unintentional injuries (e.g. road traffic injuries and poisoning) and intentional injuries (e.g. interpersonal violence and war) accounted for 9% of the world deaths and 12% of the global burden of disease and according to WHOs Tobacco Free Initiative, tobacco use accounted for 6% of the world deaths in 1990; however, if current use patterns persist, deaths due to tobacco use are expected to increase to 18% by the year 2020 (Global health Council, 2008). Another modern public health issue is the concept of Drug abuse is a major public health problem that impacts society on multiple levels. Directly or indirectly, every community is affected by drug abuse and addiction, as is every family. Drugs take a tremendous toll on our society at many levels (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2008) and the problem of infectious diseases is another issue of present public health. According to the World Health Organizations 2004 World Health Report, infectious diseases accounted for about 26 percent of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2002. Collectively, infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death globally, following cardiovascular disease, but among young people (those under the age of 50) infections are overwhelmingly the leading cause of death. In addition, infectious diseases account for nearly 30 percent of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which reflect the number of healthy years lost to illness. Todays infectious diseases can be a newly emerging disease, is a disease that has never been recognized before, such as HIV/AIDS is a newly emerging disease, as is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus encephalitis, and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease while Re-emerging, or resurging, diseases are those that have been around for decades or centuries, but have come back in a different form or a different location. Examples are West Nile virus in the Western hemisphere, monkeypox in the United States, and dengue rebounding in B razil and other parts of South America and working its way into the Caribbean. Deliberately emerging diseases are those that are intentionally introduced. These are agents of bioterror, the most recent and important example of which is anthrax. Newly emerging, re-emerging, and deliberately emerging diseases are all treated much the same way from a public health and scientific standpoint (Fauci, 2006). Conclusion To tackle the major global health challenges effectively, the practice of public health will need to change. It is not sufficient to focus only on urgent health priorities, for example, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in Africa, or the narrowly focused Millennium Development Goals. Programmes and policies are required that respond to poverty-the basic cause of much of the global burden of disease-prevent the emerging epidemics of non-communicable disease, and address global environmental change, natural, and man-made disasters, and the need for sustainable health development. The justification for action is that health is both an end in itself-a human right-as well as a prerequisite for human development (Beaglehole et al, 2004) and it is important to recognised the potential value of historical research for studying health services and for influencing health care policy. Responsibility for the lack of use of history in formulating policy lies both with policy-makers and historia ns. History can help them realize the constraints they face and help them plan accordingly, a situation well expressed by Antonio Gramsci in the 1920s: man can affect his own development and that of his surroundings only so far as he has a clear view of what the possibilities of action open to him are. To do this he has to understand the historical situation in which he finds himself: and once he does this, then he can play an active part in modifying that situation. historys contribution complements those from other disciplines. It has an additional unique role. It can help policy-makers understand the limitations they inevitably face and, in doing so, can help them maintain realistic expectations. Carefully formulated policies to shape the future are always going